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 　　When corrosion resistance is important, stainless steel is one of the most popular materials. Its abundant chromium and other alloy elements, as well as the structural characteristics of carbon steel, make it a very useful material for many projects. However, not all stainless steel is easy to weld, and it can be said that certain grades of stainless steel are not weldable at all. Therefore, to provide assistance, this article will focus on introducing some of the best grades of welded stainless steel. 　　austenitic stainless steel 　　Austenitic stainless steel can be welded together using many different welding processes. Some are more suitable for welding than others, such as 304, 308, 316, 321, and 347, all of which are weldable austenitic grades. 　　However, it should be noted that these grades may be subject to intergranular corrosion as their carbon content is relatively high. When chromium in stainless steel combines with carbon instead of forming a protective chr

 　　Austenitic stainless steel is usually used when selecting stainless steel that must withstand corrosive environments. Austenitic stainless steel contains a large amount of nickel and chromium, which has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In addition, many austenitic stainless steels are weldable and formable. The two more commonly used austenitic stainless steel grades are 304 and 316. To help you determine which brand is suitable for your project, this blog will study the differences between 304 and 316 stainless steel 　　304 stainless steel 　　Grade 304 stainless steel is usually considered the most common austenitic stainless steel. It contains high nickel content, usually between 8% and 10.5% by weight, while chromium content is high, about 18% to 20% by weight. Other major alloying elements include manganese, silicon, and carbon. The rest of the chemical composition is mainly iron. 　　The large amount of chromium and nickel gives 304 stainless

 　　Curved metal, charcoal colored welds, and a sense of frustration; These are some things that may happen when welding stainless steel. Although it contains elements similar to carbon steel, stainless steel adds alloying elements such as chromium and molybdenum, and presents completely different challenges when fusing two or more stainless steels instead of carbon steel. The oxygen around the stainless steel melt pool must be maintained at an absolute minimum level. The behavior of the molten pool is different from that of aluminum or carbon steel. The thermal conductivity of stainless steel is much smaller, which makes deformation and heat input a significant problem. Although there are many considerations when welding stainless steel, one of the most important decisions to make is which welding process to use. 　　Stainless steel welding process 　　Below, we will discuss the most popular welding processes used for stainless steel. 　　Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding/Gas Meta

 　　Without protection, ordinary carbon steel is still prone to rusting in most environments. Therefore, there are many ways to modify steel to prevent corrosion. Two popular solutions are to use stainless steel or galvanized steel. Although both types of steel can resist rust and corrosion, there are important differences between them that should be understood. 　　What is stainless steel? 　　Stainless steel can resist corrosion because its chemical composition contains additional alloying elements. Although ordinary carbon steel is mainly composed of iron and carbon, stainless steel adds a large amount of chromium to help it resist corrosion. Chromium, sometimes with other alloying elements, is added to stainless steel during the initial melting process and then forms any specific shape. 　　What is galvanized steel? 　　Galvanized steel is a type of steel coated with a layer of zinc, which helps prevent rusting of the underlying steel. This layer is usually very thin, usuall

 　　Shear and edge bars are the most commonly used types of stainless steel flat bars because they are cheaper, easier to obtain, and the final dimensional accuracy and finish are sufficient to meet most applications. These mainly include structural and architectural applications. 　　Due to additional costs, True Bar is only used when high tolerances or surface polishing continuity are required. These applications include precision machinery, such as machinery in the pharmaceutical or food industry, chemical sensitive applications such as chemical processing, or applications that require product consistency to ensure safety, such as in the aviation industry.

 　　What is stainless steel flat steel ? 　　Stainless steel flat steel is a flat rectangular steel product, usually available in two varieties: real rod and shear and edge rod. There are different tolerances and differences between the two. Stainless steel flat steel is considered a basic building material due to its relatively high strength and on-site processing ability. Stainless steel flat bars also provide additional corrosion protection for outdoor or marine applications. 　　What is a real bar? 　　True bars are flat steel that has been milled to a specific size, with all four surfaces having the same finish. Real bars have strict tolerances, and the corners are square. 　　Real bars are usually hot-rolled, annealed, and treated with an acid solution to remove any surface oxidation. This process ensures continuous polishing of the surface, making True Bar more accurate in size and improving the corrosion resistance of the product. 　　True bars require quite complex process

 　　Not all stainless steel is the same. The following are the main series features that distinguish the types of stainless steel: 　　austenitic stainless steel 　　This is the most widely used stainless steel series. Due to the presence of more austenite, most austenitic stainless steels are non magnetic. Although stainless steel grades such as 304 and 316 stainless steel contain a significant amount of iron in their chemical composition, austenite makes them non ferromagnetic. 　　Some austenitic stainless steel alloys in this branch can be partially magnetized by special heat treatment or work hardening, because this process will change the crystal structure of the bottom layer and form ferrite at some positions. 　　Ferritic stainless steel 　　The most cost-effective stainless steel series. Ferritic stainless steel has magnetism due to the large amount of ferrite composition in the alloy. 　　Ferrites are compounds of iron and other elements. The combination of ferrite crysta

 　　The stainless steel grade plays a role in influencing factors, but generally speaking, stainless steel alloys have magnetism, and they must meet the following requirements: 　　The alloy must contain iron (Fe). 　　The crystal structure of stainless steel alloy must be arranged in martensite or ferrite structure. 　　Firstly, as stainless steel is a type of steel, its chemical composition must contain iron. This makes stainless steel magnetic. 　　The second requirement is that the crystal structure of stainless steel must be arranged into ferrite or martensite structure. If stainless steel is mainly composed of austenitic structure, it will not have magnetism. 　　As we have already mentioned, corrosion resistance is not related to magnetism. In stainless steel, corrosion resistance depends on the concentration of chromium (sometimes molybdenum). The more each, the better the corrosion resistance.

 　　 Stainless steel is a metal alloy composed of iron, chromium, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, and manganese. It is mainly known for its rust resistance and excellent corrosion resistance, which are key considerations for certain applications. To be recognized as' stainless steel ', the alloy must contain at least 10.5% chromium and no more than 1.2% carbon. 　　Based on its internal composition, we can classify stainless steel into five categories: 　　austenitic stainless steel 　　Ferritic stainless steel 　　Martensite stainless steel 　　Duplex stainless steel 　　Precipitation hardened steel

 　　If you ask someone 'Is stainless steel magnetic?' you may get various answers. Some people believe that stainless steel is a completely non magnetic material. Others believe that stainless steel must be magnetic because it contains iron. 　　So, do magnets work on stainless steel? Yes and no. Like most things in life, the answer lies in the gray zone, in the dark zone between the two. In fact, there are many types of stainless steel alloys, each with magnetic and non magnetic variants. There is no correlation between magnetism and corrosion resistance. 　　We can determine whether a piece of stainless steel has magnetism by observing its chemical composition. 　　When alloying, the ferrite and iron crystal structure endow stainless steel with magnetism. High levels of austenite counteract ferrite, making these stainless steel alloys non magnetic. Even in these cases, non magnetic grades become magnetic once processed (i.e. bent, deep drawn, or formed into tubes).

 　　The processing of C101 oxygen free copper only differs during the final refining stage. Standard high-purity copper is refined under standard atmosphere conditions to further reduce the oxygen content. The final refining process must be carried out in an oxygen free environment. 　　This may include melting in an oxygen free environment and pouring into castings, such as vacuum or carefully controlled inert atmosphere. Due to the additional processing complexity of producing the required product purity, C101 oxygen free copper is the most expensive copper brand on the market.

 　　The higher the purity of any copper product , the better its corrosion resistance, the higher its conductivity, and the less heat generated during conductivity. As the purest copper product, C101 oxygen free copper provides the best results for all copper products. 　　By removing almost all impurities, the metal structure of copper is almost uninterrupted, and by removing almost all oxygen, the oxidation of metal copper is significantly reduced, which further hinders performance. 　　Due to the high price of high-purity products, almost all uses of C101 oxygen free copper are highly specialized. This includes: 　　Excellent audio/video applications - Quality critical high-end audio/video applications will use copper wire made of C101 oxygen free copper. 　　The increase in conductivity of C101 oxygen free copper for large industrial transformers can reduce the diameter of the internal wiring in the transformer, thereby reducing the amount of copper used and the overall instal

 　　 C101 oxygen free copper is extremely pure copper with extremely low oxygen content. The typical oxygen content of C0 oxygen free copper is lower than 0005.99%, and the typical copper grade is 99.101%, which is currently the highest grade copper. The material properties are very similar to that of elemental copper. The target purity is so high that silver is removed as an impurity. 　　As an ultra-high purity copper product, C101 oxygen free copper has excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity, good machinability, and high ductility. By reducing the oxygen content to below 0.0005%, these characteristics are more exaggerated than standard copper products, and therefore various highly specialized industrial applications can be found.

 　　 Copper , brass , and bronze , also known as "red metals," may initially appear the same, but in reality they are vastly different. 　　copper 　　Copper is widely used in various products due to its excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity, good strength, good formability, and corrosion resistance. Due to their corrosion resistance, pipes and fittings are usually made of these metals. They can be easily welded and brazed, many of which can be welded using various gas, arc, and resistance methods. They can be polished and polished to almost any desired texture and luster. 　　Graded non alloy copper may contain varying amounts of impurities. The oxygen free copper plate number is specifically used for functions that require high conductivity and ductility. 　　One of the most important characteristics of copper is its ability to resist bacteria. After extensive antibacterial testing by the Environmental Protection Agency, 355 copper alloys, including many bra

 　　Do you know that aluminum accounts for 75% -80% of modern aircraft?! 　　The history of aluminum in aviation and space industry can be traced back to a long time ago. In fact, aluminum was used in the aviation industry before the invention of airplanes. In the late 19th century, Count Ferdinand Zeppelin used aluminum to make the framework of his famous Zeppelin airship. 　　Aluminum is the ideal choice for aircraft manufacturing because it is lightweight and sturdy. Aluminum weighs about one-third as much as steel, enabling aircraft to carry more weight or improve fuel efficiency. In addition, the high corrosion resistance of aluminum ensures the safety of the aircraft and its passengers. 　　Common aerospace aluminum grades 　　2024- Typically used for aircraft skins, fairings, and aircraft structures. Also used for repair and recovery. 　　3003- This aluminum plate is widely used for coating fairings and baffles. 　　5052- Commonly used in the manufacturing of fuel tanks. 5052

 　　In many ways, aluminum is the perfect metal. It is sturdy, lightweight, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant, and is a good conductor of electricity. Most importantly, it is rich and cheap. 　　Aluminum is also the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust and the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon. However, it was not until 1809 that the British chemist Sir Humphrey David officially identified and named it. 　　Today, aluminum is the most commonly used metal in the world, second only to steel. Aluminum is an important component of almost every aspect of our lives, from the vehicles we drive to the packaging of food. 　　When aluminum combines with other metals to form aluminum alloys, it is most versatile. The alloying process improves the performance of aluminum to adapt to various applications. 　　How Aluminum is Made 　　Aluminum is manufactured in the following stages: 　　Searching for aluminum ore 　　Mining aluminum 　　Refined bauxite 　　Aluminum s

 　　 Magnetic metals include: 　　iron 　　nickel 　　cobalt 　　Some rare earth metal alloys 　　These magnetic metals belong to the following categories: 　　Permanent magnet 　　Electromagnet 　　Neodymium magnet 　　Permanent magnet 　　When people think of magnets, they usually think of permanent magnets. These are objects that can be magnetized to generate a magnetic field. The most common example is a refrigerator magnet, which is used to store notes on our refrigerator door. 　　The most common metals used for permanent magnets are iron, nickel, cobalt, and some rare earth metal alloys. 　　There are two types of permanent magnets: permanent magnets from "hard" magnetic materials and permanent magnets from "soft" magnetic materials. Hard "magnetic metals often remain magnetized for a long time. Common examples include: 　　Aluminum nickel cobalt alloy, an iron alloy with aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Aluminum nickel cobalt alloy can be used to manufacture st

 　　 Extruded aluminum has many advantages compared to other metals. Some metals can match some of the ideal properties of aluminum, but no metal can match all of these advantages simultaneously. 　　There are many benefits of aluminum profiles, including: 　　Light. The weight of aluminum is about one-third of the weight of iron, steel, copper, or brass. This makes it easier to handle and transportation more economical. Therefore, aluminum is widely used in automotive design, aerospace, and high-rise buildings. 　　Strong. The strength of aluminum is sufficient to meet all applications except for the most demanding ones. Aluminum is very suitable for cold environments as it becomes stronger as the temperature decreases. 　　Corrosion resistance. Aluminum does not rust. It is protected by oxide surface facial mask, and this protection can be enhanced by anodic oxidation. 　　Excellent thermal conductivity. Aluminum has better thermal conductivity than most metals. This makes it an

 　　1. The mold is cast with the required cross-sectional shape. 　　2. Heat the aluminum billet in the furnace until it reaches 750-925 º F. At this point, aluminum becomes a soft solid. 　　3. Lubrication, known as smut, is applied to steel billets and plungers. Black ear disease is essential as it ensures that the billet and plunger do not stick together. 　　4. The plunger applies pressure to the blank and pushes it through the mold. During this process, liquid nitrogen is used to cool the mold. Cooling can prevent the formation of unwanted oxides and extend the length of the mold. 　　5. Extruded aluminum comes out of the mold and has the same shape as the mold opening. The extrusion is pulled onto the cooling table, where it is exposed to air, water, or a mixture of both (depending on the final mechanical requirements of the metal). 　　Next is the stretcher. This can correct any twisting that may occur and straighten the metal. Improved hardness and strength during the stret

 　　 Aluminum extrusion is used to create aluminum lengths with fixed cross-sectional profiles. By squeezing, very complex cross-sections with excellent strength and surface finish can be created. The working principle of the aluminum extrusion process is to force a metal block called a billet through a mold opening with a cross-sectional area smaller than the steel billet itself. 　　Aluminum extrusion is widely used in construction, automotive and aircraft manufacturing, industrial machinery, and consumer goods. 　　Extrusion process 　　The extrusion process itself is very similar to the old Play Doh Shape Maker. When you squeeze the dough through the press, the flow flows out in the shape of the selected mold. Similarly, the shape of extruded aluminum is the same as the mold opening. By using a powerful hydraulic press capable of applying up to 15000 tons of pressure, aluminum can be extruded into any shape you can imagine. 　　There are two main methods for aluminum extrusi

 　　 Aluminum is often considered difficult to weld, however, this is not entirely correct. Welding aluminum is similar to welding steel. This may require some practice, so here are some tips for welding aluminum. 　　Safe welding of aluminum 　　Before starting welding, please ensure that the area is well ventilated. You do not want to inhale any harmful smoke. Always ensure that you have appropriate protective equipment. This should include: 　　Welding mask for eye protection 　　Gloves and leather can protect you from splashing molten metal 　　Leather shoes or boots to protect your feet from dripping iron 　　Respirators for long-term welding 　　Welding type 　　There are three main types of aluminum welding: 　　Arc welding 　　Gas shielded metal arc (MIG) welding 　　Tungsten argon arc welding (TIG) welding 　　Arc welding 　　Arc welding is one of the oldest welding methods. It uses a welding power source to generate an arc to melt the metal. 　　advantage: 　　Relatively cheap 　　Not r

 　　Thermal conductivity coefficient of exhaust metal [BTU/(hour · foot ·° F)] 　　1 copper 223 　　2 aluminum 118 　　3 Brass 64 　　4 steel 17 　　5 Bronze 15 　　As you can see, among more common metals, copper and aluminum have the highest thermal conductivity, while steel and bronze have the lowest thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a very important attribute when deciding which metal to use for a specific application. As copper is an excellent heat conductor, it is suitable for heat exchangers, radiators, and even the bottom of frying pan. Because steel is a poor thermal conductor, it is beneficial for high-temperature environments such as aircraft engines. 　　The following are some important applications of metals that require good thermal conductivity: 　　heat exchanger 　　radiator 　　cooker 　　heat exchanger 　　Heat exchangers are a common application where good thermal conductivity is crucial. A heat exchanger completes its work by transferring heat to achieve

 　　The most common uses of aluminum include: 　　transport 　　build 　　electrical 　　consumer goods 　　transport 　　Aluminum is used for transportation due to its unparalleled strength to weight ratio. Its lighter weight means less force is required to move the vehicle, thus improving fuel efficiency. Although aluminum is not the strongest metal, alloying it with other metals can help increase its strength. Its corrosion resistance is an additional benefit, eliminating the need for heavy and expensive anti-corrosion coatings. 　　Although the automobile industry still relies heavily on steel, the power to improve fuel efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide emissions has led to the wider use of aluminum. Experts predict that by two years, the average aluminum content in cars will increase by 60%. 　　Aluminum Shinkansen e6 　　Shinkansen E6 train 　　Japan's Shinkansen and Shanghai's maglev high-speed railway systems also use aluminum. This metal enables designers to reduce t

 　　 Aluminum is the most common anodizing material. However, there are several other types of materials that can be anodized. Magnesium can be anodized, but its application is very limited. Titanium may be the second most common anodizing material, although it is still far less popular than aluminum. Some materials should not be anodized at all. If carbon steel undergoes the anodic oxidation process, it will only corrode.

 　　Anodizing is most commonly used to improve the corrosion resistance of certain types of aluminum alloys . Aluminum alloys affected by the marine environment typically benefit from anodizing. Hull, dock components, and oil drilling platform structures are common examples of these. 　　Anodizing is also used for wear control. Compared to steel or titanium, unoxidized aluminum is a relatively soft material. On the other hand, alumina is a very hard material. In fact, alumina is often used in sandpaper due to its high hardness. When the anodizing process forms an aluminum oxide layer on the outside of the aluminum alloy, the wear resistance of aluminum oxide is greatly improved due to its hardness. The application of anodizing to improve wear resistance includes aluminum components that continuously move and come into contact with other materials. 　　Dyeing is another popular application of anodized aluminum oxide. The alumina layer generated on the aluminum alloy during the a

 　　 Anodized aluminum oxide is considered as an electrochemical process. It involves immersing aluminum alloy into a tank containing electrolyte. The solution contains acid; The type of acid depends on the application. Once submerged, the current will flow through the aluminum. Anodized aluminum is used as an anode. The cathode is also placed in the water tank; Usually aluminum or lead. Current causes aluminum oxidation. The aluminum oxide layer left by the anodic oxidation process is thicker than what can be achieved through natural oxidation.

 　　 Aluminum has a corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant oxide layer. Pure aluminum is not easily corroded as a result. However, aluminum containing other alloying elements may be corroded unless a thick layer of aluminum oxide can be manufactured to protect it. In order to prevent corrosion and wear of aluminum alloys, technology has been created to manufacture this thick protective aluminum oxide layer. One method of forming this oxide layer is through a process called anodic oxidation. But what is anodizing? 　　Anodizing is a process used to promote the formation of an alumina layer on a substrate, which is faster or thicker than normal under natural conditions. Although anodizing is indeed applicable to several other basic materials, aluminum is the most effective reaction to anodizing. Anodizing first became popular in the 1920s as a means of preventing corrosion of aluminum components. Since then, it has not only been used for corrosion resistance, but also for wear

 　　 Aluminum typically forms alloys with several different elements to improve mechanical or chemical properties. Therefore, there are a large number of alloy element combinations that can be used to achieve the required performance, resulting in a variety of aluminum grades. To help understand all these combinations, an aluminum numbering system was used. 　　What is the aluminum numbering system? 　　The Aluminum Industry Association has created a naming convention and is an organization that maintains a designated system. There are many different rules for marking various types of aluminum alloys. Firstly, it is important to know whether aluminum alloys are forged or cast. 　　Forged aluminum 　　Forged aluminum alloys use a 4-bit system. The first number is used to specify the main alloying elements. For example, 1XXX alloy represents mainly pure aluminum alloy, while 6XXX alloy represents the addition of a large amount of magnesium and silicon to aluminum. 　　The second dig